P1 the Functions of the Main Cell Components of the Body Cell

In this report I will compose brief depiction on the elements of the fundamental cell segments of the body cell. The cell layer : is something that gives a few things access and a few things out of the cell. It is an external spread for the cell. In the event that the cell layer was non presences the cell would spill everywhere. Its capacity is to ensure the honesty of the inside of the cell by permitting certain substances into the cell, while keeping different substances out. It is made out of a slim, twofold layered sheet of lipids, around the Cell and is a defensive film layer around each Cell.Nucleus [pic] The core is the control focus of a cell. It contains hereditary material, for example, DNA and controls the cell's development and multiplication. The core additionally controls the combination of ribosomes and proteins in the cytoplasm. it additionally associated with cell division and stores all the data that will be moved to the cutting edge cytoplasm is a homogeneous, whic h by and large clear jam like material that fills cells . The cytoplasm comprises of cytosol and the cell organelles , aside from the core. The cytoplasm offers support for the cell.It permits the cells organelles to uninhibitedly move all through the cell. Development is accelerated in the liquid of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm can likewise go about as a mode for transport inside the cell. Mitochondria: [pic] The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell it gives vitality to the cell through breath. The food that we eat is broken into easier particles like starches, fats and so on in our bodies. These are sent to the mitochondrion where they are additionally precessed to create accused atoms that join of oxygen and produce Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) molecules.This whole procedure is known as oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria likewise helps in the structure of specific pieces of the blood, and hormones like testosterone and estrogen. Smooth and unpleasant endoplasmic reticu lum :[pic] The smooth ER is an arrangement of inner layer inside the cell which move proteins and other substance through the cell. Smooth ER has its motivation in the cell. It goes about as a capacity organelle. It is significant in the creation and capacity of steroids. It additionally stores particles in arrangement that the phone may require at a later time.Steroids are a sort of ringed natural atom utilized for some reasons in a living being. They are not generally about structure bulk like a weight lifter. The particle stockpiling is significant in light of the fact that occasionally a cell needs particles quick. It might not have any desire to look the earth for particles, so it is simpler to have them put away in a pack for simple use. Unpleasant ER †looks harsh on a superficial level since it is hit with exceptionally little organelles called ribosomes. Ribosomes are made of RNA and protein and are the site of protein amalgamation. They are significant in the amalgamat ion and bundling of proteins.Some of those proteins may be utilized in the cell and some are conveyed. The ribosomes are appended to the layer of the ER. As the ribosomes constructs the amino corrosive chain, the chain is driven into the ER. At the point when the protein is finished, the harsh ER squeezes off a vesicle. That vesicle, a little layer bubble, can move to the cell film or the Golgi mechanical assembly Golgi apparatus[pic] The capacity of the Golgi device is to adjust, sort, and bundle proteins and different materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for capacity in the cell or discharge outside the cell.Lysosome [pic] Lysosomes are single, layer bound sacs that contain stomach related chemicals. The stomach related catalysts separate all the significant classes of macromolecules including proteins, sugars, fats, and nucleic acids. All through a cell's lifetime, the lysosomal catalysts digest old organelles to prepare for recently framed organelles. The lysosomes permit ce lls to constantly recharge themselves and forestall the amassing of cell poisons.

Madam Cj Walker Essay

Madame C.J. Walker was America’s first independent female mogul. She amassed her fortune through difficult work, imaginative thoughts, and a savage devotion to her art and her kin. In opposition to most chronicled accounts, Madame C.J. Walker didn't concoct the squeezing brush. Per her own words, Madame Walker began the â€Å"hair-growing† business, borne out her longing to cure her own balding. In 1910 Madame C.J. Walker moved her consistently extending â€Å"Special Correspondence Course† business, established on her System of Beauty Culture, to Indianapolis. There she bought and paid for her home connecting which was a production line and research facility. On September 2, 1911 she requested of the Indiana Secretary of State to get joined and on September nineteenth, 1911, said appeal was in truth, denoting the beginning of the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company of Indiana, Inc. wherein Madame Walker was the President and sole investor of each of the 1,000 portions of stock. She was likewise an early social liberties advocate for the benefit of Black individuals, and a devoted money related supporter of what today we call HBCU†s or Historically Black Colleges and Universities. When of her going in 1919, Madame C.J. Walker had assembled one of the biggest dark claimed producing organizations on the planet, a worldwide system of more than 15,000 Madame Walker operators, excellence schools in three states, and a 32 room chateau at Irvington-on-the-Hudson, New York. Madame’s lone kid, A’Lelia Walker became President of the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company of Indiana upon her mother’s passing. Per Madame’s will, 66% of the supply of the Company was set in a Trust, over which were five Trustees. The other 33% of the load of the organization was handed down to her lone youngster. When A’Lelia passed on, the 33% portion of stock she possessed was â€Å"split† between two individuals, each accepting onesixth offer. The larger part 66% stayed in the Trust. More than six decades later, in 1985, the Trustees requested of the Marion County Probate court to permit them to sell the stock and resources of Madame Walker’s organization, including stock and chronicled reports, to a man named Raymond Randolph. The proprietors of the rest of the portions of stock additionally consented to offer their offers to Raymond Randolph. Accordingly, on December twentieth, 1985, Raymond L. Randolph turned into the principal individual since Madame C.J. Walker herself to claim each of the 1000 portions of stock in the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company of Indiana, otherwise known as the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company.

IELTS Essay Writing Tips

IELTS Essay Writing Tips Without a doubt, essay writing is the most challenging section of IELTS. Writing 150 or 250 words in the time allowed is the biggest concern of many students. Indeed, it is quite hard for people from a different cultural background to get high scores on the exam because of the another thinking mode. But with the right preparation, you can make sure that your essay will be good enough to attract the score you really want. There is a lot to remember: you have to manage your time, keep to the word limit, use great vocabulary, avoid mistakes and find solid points to make about the topic. It may look impossible but it is all attainable if you know the main tips and tricks. 1. Keep your introduction short Remember that you have only 40 minutes to write an essay, and some of this time should be spent for planning. Thats why you need to write your introduction quickly so you can start developing the body paragraphs. You just have to do two things: state the essay topic using some basic facts and present what you are going to write about. 2. Choose a controlling idea for each body paragraph Your IELTS essay should contain 2 or 3 body paragraphs. Each paragraph should present one main idea and include several sentences to support it. You need to give enough facts, examples and arguments to answer the essay question. Make sure to stay on topic because you will be penalized if you stray off subject matter. 3. Be clear and straightforward You need to write clearly and get to the point. English essays reflect a straightforward way of thinking, so make sure you develop your ideas precisely. Choose your words deliberately, pay attention to the sentence length, avoid unnecessary explanations, rewrite or delete needless phrases, eliminate redundancies. 4. Be logical Logic is one of the most important factors of a good IELTS essay. Your sentences and paragraphs should have a clear reasoning, which aims for supporting your point of view. To build logical connections in your essay, you need to use transitions. They are important tools that will help you connect your ideas properly. 5. Use rich vocabulary IELTS exam is the time to show what you know. Stay away from the over-used adjectives, such as “good” or “bad.” Instead, use more expressive words, such as excellent, wonderful, or horrible. The more precise words will make your language alive and help you get higher points for your essay. 6. Avoid slang and contractions Find the best way to express your thoughts without using the slang or colloquial expressions. You need to show off the best English you know. Also, make sure you dont use contractions in your essay. Academic tasks demand formal writing, so dont write in a style that is improper to use. 7. Add the personal touch An essay should reveal your personal feelings and opinions. It has to show your individuality. If this personal touch is lost, the essay will be colorless. Therefore, dont be afraid to express your own point of view. These techniques are key to producing a powerful IELTS essay. Keep these tips in mind and try your best!

The Primary Causes Of Bipolar Disorder - 1889 Words

Bipolar disorder is a common, recurrent, and overwhelming mood disorder, which causes extreme shifts in activity levels, mood, energy and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. This type of disorder does not only affect one group of people; it holds no prejudice. Bipolar disorder can sometimes be linked with several other disorders, including panic disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and substance dependence. Many people assume that bipolar disorder only affects mood, which is incorrect. In fact, bipolar disorder also affects your energy level, judgment, memory, concentration, sleeping patterns, self-esteem and appetite. The first signs of this disorder usually appear in adolescence and early adulthood, with cases rarely occurring in childhood. No conclusions have been made to indicate a difference among those of different race or culture. There are many symptoms that a person is bipolar, but many are over-looked because they are seen as â€Å"normal†. This essay will discuss the primary causes of bipolar disorder, the genetic roots, study its symptoms and the different forms that it takes, look into its treatments, and examine possible cures. Variations in moods and energy levels have been observed as part of the human experience throughout history. Aretaeus of Cappadocia began the search into the disorder by beginning the process of detailing symptoms in the medical field as early as the 1st Century in Greece. The words melancholia (an old word forShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Bipolar Disorder and Evaluating the Possible Causes and Treatments1261 Words   |  6 Pagesit is to be bipolar. If a person would like to better understand bipolar disorder, he would have to look at the life of a patient with the disorder, and understand the definition, causes, symptoms, and treatments for the disorder. Understanding exactly what bipolar disorder is can be difficult, but it is best described as a mental illness that causes severe, unpredictable mood swings, and it may also cause changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behavior. Patients with bipolar disorder have beenRead MoreBipolar Disorder Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder also known as manic depression has always been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that it can appear in almost everyone. Bipolar disorder causes mood swings in energy, thinking, and other behavior. Having a bipolar disorder can be very disabling (Kapczinski). A study was evaluated and about 1.3% of the U.S population of people suffers from bipolar disorder. Stressors and environmental influences can trigger and cause a person to go through numerous episodes. BipolarRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )1010 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction/Overview of Condition Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness (SMI) characterized by dramatic mood â€Å"swings† between manic and depressed states. In their manic states, individuals experience an abnormally elevated mood characterized by extreme, grandiose gestures and ideas, inflated self-esteem, lack of sleep, constant talking, distractibility, poor judgement, and even aggression (Griggs). Individuals can be characterized as having either a hypomanic episode or a manic episodeRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1364 Words   |  6 PagesIntro Bipolar disorder is an emotional instability checked by great movements in disposition going from a hyper to a depressive state. Bipolar disorder is additionally called bipolar disease or manic depression. Bipolar disorder oppresses 3 to 5% of the populace with inconvenient impact on life possibilities. People with Bipolar Disorder will face life span danger for mood shifts, including fatal consequences. â€Å"It is sixth most common cause of disability in the United States (Altman et al., 2006)Read MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder706 Words   |  3 PagesBipolar disorder is a serious mental illness that is characterized by changes in mood. It can lead to risky behavior, damage relationships and careers, and even suicidal outcomes if it’s not treated. Bipolar disorder is more common in older teenagers and young adults, it can affect children as young as 6. Women experience more periods of depression than men. More remains to be learned about this condition that affects millions of people. Aretaeus of Cappadocia began the process of detailingRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Manic Depressive Illness Disorder845 Words   |  4 Pages INTRODUCTION Manic-depressive illness disorder also known as bipolar disorder is a disorder of the brain that makes and abnormal change in moods, energy, activity level and the ability to carry out day to day activity. There are many symptoms of bipolar disorder which can be severe and are not the same as the regular ups and downs that people go through from time to time. It is a potentially deadly multisystem condition complicated by a variety of known comorbid conditions including bothRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1708 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is an emotional instability checked by great movements in disposition going from a hyper to a depressive state. Bipolar disorder is additionally called bipolar disease or manic depression. Bipolar disorder oppresses 3 to 5% of the populace with inconvenient impact on life possibilities. People with Bipolar Disorder will face life span danger for mood shifts, including fatal consequences. â€Å"It is sixth most common cause of disability in the United States (Altman et al., 2006).† AsRead MoreThe Relationship Between Mental Illness And Violence888 Words   |  4 Pagestends to be particularly strong when applied to people with bipolar disorder, which very often is misunderstood by others. Topic #16 from the list of suggestions, asks two questions: are people who are diagnosed manic-depressive/bipolar often violent, and what effects did Jamison’s violent outward behavior have on her? This research reflection paper intends to answer these questions, by explaining the association between bipolar disorder and violence, as well as providing guidance for assessing violenceRead MoreNursing Management Of A Patient With Bipolar Disorder1280 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Bipolar Disorder Nursing Management of a Patient with Bipolar Disorder Maninder Kaur Von- 16 Los Medanos College Bipolar Disorder Abstract Today, I am going to presenting my case study on a patient named Ms. TD who admitted to Contra Costa County Hospital in a psychiatric emergency on February 20, 2016 with a primary diagnosis of bipolar disorder. She comes to the emergency department on a legal status 5250, which a qualified officer or clinician to involuntarilyRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Stages1296 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Do you know what Bipolar Disorder is and its stages? Do you know who Bipolar Disorder affects and what causes the disorder to form? Do you know the symptoms and treatments individuals with this disorder can use? First, I will be discussing what Bipolar Disorder is and its stages. Next, I will be discussing the cause and who Bipolar Disorder affects. Finally, I will be discussing the various signs and symptoms to diagnose individuals with Bipolar Disorder and the treatment options that

Racial Inequality Of Americ Why It Still Matters Essay

Race in America - Why it still Matters One would not want to live a life if they knew their chances of reaching their goals, were almost certainly downsized or marginalized by their race. Well, sadly this is the case for Blacks in America. Blacks are often found to be, at the bottom of the American society. America is suppose to be â€Å"The land of the free, and the home of the brave,† allowing all citizens equal opportunity. However in a harsh reality it is not, but instead the land of the incapacitated, and home of the Whites. Looking back in time, America has always been a country of racial inequality that benefited Whites and demeaned any other race. Examples of racial inequality in our history consist of the American-Indian war, slavery, Jim Crow laws, and general discrimination. Thus the term â€Å"White Supremacy,† meaning Whites have dominance and are superior, came about. The feeling of Whites Supremacy is still felt in today’s society, and is one of many reason why race still matters. Even though the are many theories of why race still matters, it is important to realize 3 major reasons why that is so. In short, race matter because of the increased likelihood of minorities experiencing: poverty, racial profiling and Institutional racism. If the American dream is true, why is it that Black s as a racial group seem incapable of achieving it? Growing up in a neighborhood that some may consider â€Å"The Ghetto† but to me is home, my family often found it hard to make ends

Cultural Diversity in the Medical World Essay - 2015 Words

Cultural Diversity in the Medical Field Patient Relations Abstract The United States is a nation of immigrants; they have virtually every culture of the world within its borders. Due to this reason, there must be a certain level of cultural competency within its people. A comparison and contrast will be made to compare the Hispanic cultural views on medical care to the American cultural views toward medical care. I chose to explore Hispanic culture because of my background but most importantly due to its richness of unique characteristics. I will provide an overview on how heredity, culture, and environment can influence behavior in the medical office. Furthermore, I will express my opinion about why a medical assistant,†¦show more content†¦Therefore, if a doctor advices a patient to lose weight, he/she may have a problem with that because it would not be adhering to their idea or their standards of a healthy body image. â€Å"Curanderismo is defined as a medical system. It is a coherent view with historical roots that combine Aztec, Sp anish, spiritualistic, homeopathic, and scientific elements. The curandero is a holistic healer; the people you seek help from him do so for social, physical, and psychological purposes† (Cultural Diversity, 2012). Compare and Contrast â€Å"Americans can take come pride in the fact that attaining what the medical profession calls â€Å"cultural competency† is a goal of most health care institutions. However, achieving this goal in today’s health care environment, filled with diverse patient and provider populations, is no easy task. American hospitals are increasingly being staffed by and serving diverse populations. This creates the ideal breeding ground for conflict and misunderstanding among the staff and inferior patient care† (Galanti, 2011). To gain a more thorough understanding of this concept, I will be giving four examples or viewpoints that are completely different, when looking at the Hispanic belief against the Native American point of view. Viewpoint on Medication The Hispanic cultural views toward health care are very different in nature, fromShow MoreRelatedThe Culture Diversity Theory For Nursing Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesThe Culture diversity theor y Providing culturally competent nursing care begins with having basic principle knowledge and effective training us a nursing student. Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality defines nursing as a learned scientific and humanistic profession that focuses on patient care, experiences and creative thinking relevant to nursing and health care system. As nurse student in today’s society you will come in contact with a lot of cultural differencesRead MoreHow Culture Affects Nursing Care And The Way Humans Care For Themselves946 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are some commonalities about care among all the cultures in the world (Reynolds Leininger, pg 11).† Leininger states the theory can help to show how culture affects nursing care and the way humans care for themselves. Leininger holds to the idea that care is the central concept for nursing theory and research. The theory has many assumptive premises which include; Care is essential for overall health and well-being. Cultural care can provide a holistic way to improve and guide nursing practicesRead MoreDiversity And Cultural Competency For Health Care1456 Words   |  6 PagesCultural diversity has different meaning to each and every one. Some of us considering cultural diversity to be acquired where for the others it’s a skill that they have to learn. It’s very important that the health care providers are knowledgeable and sensitive to cultural differences because they are the ones to deal with the patients of different background on a daily basis. Being cultural savvy will help them to give the best patient care. For that reason, health care workers must be especiallyRead MoreThinking About Diversity and Inclusion808 Words   |  4 PagesThinking about diversity and inclusion 1. What are the dimensions of cultural diversity? Identify and briefly explain the dimensions by referencing both textbooks. The dimensions of cultural diversity consist of in the diverse cultures in the world. The diversity is the different race, gender, age, ethical, language, religion, education, and more. The geographic region and the social roll are the result of the cultural diversity in the world. The diversity is variable and depends of the human’sRead MoreCultural Competency in Nursing Care1697 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Competency in Nursing Care Dorcas Jacobs Grand Canyon University: NRS 429V Family Centered Health Promotion September 29, 2013 Cultural Competency in Nursing Care As the United States becomes more and more culturally diverse one cannot help but be exposed to various cultures and worldviews. America has long been called the melting pot, and that term has never been truer than it is today. According to Green and Reinckens (2013) the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that by the year 2041Read MoreApplying Anthropology to Nursing Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Anthropology to Nursing Medical Anthropology is dedicated to the relationship between human behavior, social life, and health within an anthropological context. It provides a forum for inquiring into how knowledge, meaning, livelihood, power, and resource distribution are shaped and how, in turn, these observable facts go on to shape patterns of disease, experiences of health and illness, and the organization of treatments. It focuses on many different topics including the politicalRead MoreCultural Diversity And Cultural Competency1654 Words   |  7 Pages Cultural diversity has different meaning to each and every one. Some of us considering cultural diversity to be acquired where for the others it’s a skill that they have to learn. It’s very important that the health care providers are knowledgeable and sensitive to cultural differences because they are the ones to deal with the patients of different background on a daily basis. Being cultural savvy will help them to give the best patient care. For that reason, health care workers must be especiallyRead MorePersonal Cultural Diversity Essay627 Words   |  3 Pagescommunication, and technological aspects, leads one to address the concept of cultural diversity or multiculturalism. Cultural diversity in the health-care system touches lives of many Americans in one way or another. No matter what our own cultural background is, when we go receive medical care, we may encounter a care giver who comes from a different cultural background than ours(Naylor 1997,291).. In the c oncept of cultural diversity, it can be recognized that two terms are equally important. The firstRead MoreDiversity Report On Northwell Health1502 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity Report on Northwell Health I. Introduction New York is one of the most diverse cities in the world. There are many cultures, races; languages mixed together creating â€Å"culturally diverse pot†. â€Å"Diversity is the existence of a wide variety of cultures and subcultures represented within a society† (CCN, 2016). For this project I selected Northwell Health System to audit because there are many offices and clinics around area where I live (it is extremely diverse area) and I decided to knowRead MoreCultural competency in Nursong Care1684 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Cultural Competency in Nursing Care Dorcas Jacobs Grand Canyon University: NRS 429V Family Centered Health Promotion September 29, 2013 Cultural Competency in Nursing Care As the United States becomes more and more culturally diverse one cannot help but be exposed to various cultures and worldviews. America has long been called the melting pot, and that term has never been truer than it is today. According to Green and Reinckens (2013) the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that

Transportation and Infrastructure

Question: Describe about the Sydney Harbour. Answer: Introduction Sydney Harbour [Port Jackson] is renowned as one of the Australias premier cruise ship destination. It has seen that the 2013 / 2014 year was considered as one of the significant financial year and the Sydney port has contributed a significant figure behind such large amount of financial success (Portsaustralia.com.au, 2016). The port itself plays a vital role not for the local economy but also the entire state as well as the nation (Corporation, 2016). The details of the port have been mentioned in the below mentioned figures: Figure: Port of Sydney (Frost, 2016) The purpose of this report is to apply the transportation and infrastructure concepts as well as assumptions with respect to a specific economy. In this study, the researcher has considered, Port Jackson [Sidney Harbour] as the case port. Parameters Below are the assumptions considered for this study: Salvage rate: 15% Maintenance and management cost rate: 13% Rehabilitation cost rate: 25% Interest rate: 4.25 % [Australian bond 10 year yield] Total duration: 30 years Problem statement The purpose of this study is to understand the per load income from toll service provided in the selected area. In this context, the study is also exploration of different costs associated with this toll service. Methodology The researcher has followed a sequential approach here. As the purpose of this study is to identify the toll income per load, a 8 step approach has been adopted, in which the researcher has calculated several costs to reach into the final stage. Results This section of the report has demonstrated the step by step calculations. Step 1: Port Selection Figure: Port Jackson Source: (Frost, 2016) Figure: Ship movement (Port Jackson) (Ships.portauthoritynsw.com.au, 2016) Step 2: Calculation of truck volume and traffic volume at present year (1) Throughput of the terminal (Q): 222,204 tones = 2.22204 * 10^5 tones (Portsaustralia.com.au, 2016) (2) Ratios of transshipment: 10 % (3) Inbound rate: 7.54 % (4) Outbound rate: 92.46% (Charting Transport, 2012) (5) Inbound Throughputs (Qin): 2.22204 * 10^5 tones * (1 10 %) * 7.54 % = 0.1508 * 10^5 tones (6) Outbound Throughputs (Qout): 2.22204 * 10^5 tones * (1 10 %) * 92.46 % = 1.8490 * 10^5 tones (7) Number of truck in: 5110 = 0.0511 * 10^5 (8) Number of truck out: 4745 = 0.04745 * 10^5 (9) Traffic volume ratio of truck: 15 % (www.clickonlinemarketing.com.au, 2016) (10) Total volume in: (0.0511 * 10^5) / 15% = 0.340667 * 10^5 veh / year (11) Total volume out: (0.04745 * 10^5) / 15 % = 0.316333 * 10^5 veh / year Step 3: Calculation of future traffic volume and decide number of lanes (1) GDP growth rate in the first 10 years: 2.78 % (Statista, 2016) (2) GDP growth rate in the last 20 years: 2.47 % (Statista, 2016) (3) Target year volume in: 0.340667 * 10^5 * (1 + 2.78 %)^10 * (1 + 2.47 %)^20 veh / year = 0.730047 * 10^5 veh / year (Ting, 2016) (4) Target year volume in: 0.316333 * 10^5 * (1 + 2.78 %)^10 * (1 + 2.47 %)^20 veh / year = 0.6779 * 10^5 veh / year (Ting, 2016) (5) Road capacity in each lane: 1600 veh / hr (6) Busy hour: 18 hour (7) Number of lane in: (0.730047 * 10^5) / (18 * 365 * 600) = 0.01852 (8) Number of lane out: (0.6779 * 10^5) / (18 * 365 * 600) = 0.00172 (Roads and Maritime Services, 2016) In this case, the researcher takes max (0.01852, 0.00172) = 0.01852 or 1 lanes on both direction Step 4: Calculation of construction cost (1) Length of freeway: 2.5 km (2) Construction cost per lane per kilometer: 0.35 million / lane / Km (3) Construction cost: 0.035 *10^5 * (1+1) * 2.5 = $ 0.175 * 10^5.